1. To familiarize with network devices like switch, hub, routers and bridges in LaTex
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\textsc{\Large Guru Nanak Dev Engg College }\\[0.5cm]
\textsc{\large Practical File}\\[0.3cm]
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{ \huge \bfseries Internet Methodologies}\\[0.1cm]
\HRule \\[2cm]}
\includegraphics[width=60mm,scale=0.7]{gne}\\[2cm]
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{{\\\today}\\[1cm]
{\textsc{Sanjampreet Singh \\{1507967}\\{D2-IT-B1}}}}}
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\section{\emph{To familiarize with network devices like switch, hub, routers and bridges.}}
\subsection{\emph{\Large Switch}}
\rule{\linewidth}{0.5mm}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=80mm,scale=0.7]{3}
\caption{Network Switch}
\end{figure}\\
\emph{Definition 1 :} A network switch (also called switching hub, bridging hub, officially MAC bridge) is a computer networking device that connects devices together on a computer network, by using packet switching to receive, process and forward data to the destination device.\\[1cm]
\emph{Definition 2 :}Most business networks today use switches to connect computers, printers and servers within a building or campus. A switch serves as a controller, enabling networked devices to talk to each other efficiently. Through information sharing and resource allocation, switches save businesses money and increase employee productivity.
\subsubsection{What an Ethernet Switch Does?}
Ethernet switches link Ethernet devices together by relaying Ethernet frames between the devices connected to the switches. By moving Ethernet frames between the switch ports, a switch links the traffic carried by the individual network connections into a larger Ethernet network.
\\Ethernet switches perform their linking function by bridging Ethernet frames between Ethernet segments. To do this, they copy Ethernet frames from one switch port to another, based on the Media Access Control (MAC) addresses in the Ethernet frames. Ethernet bridging was initially defined in the 802.1D IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks: Media Access Control (MAC) Bridges.
\\The standardization of bridging operations in switches makes it possible to buy switches from different vendors that will work together when combined in a network design. That’s the result of lots of hard work on the part of the standards engineers to define a set of standards that vendors could agree upon and implement in their switch designs.
\subsubsection{\emph{Example of Switch}}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=150mm,scale=0.9]{switch}
\caption{Example of Switch}
\end{figure}
\newpage
\subsection {\emph{\Huge HUB }}
\rule{\linewidth}{0.5mm}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=80mm,scale=0.7]{HUB}
\caption{Network Hub}
\end{figure}
\subsubsection{\emph What is a Hub?}
\emph{Defination 1:}A hub is a place of convergence where data arrives from one or more directions and is forwarded out in one or more other directions.\\[0.5cm]
\emph{Defination 2:}A hub is the most basic networking device that connects multiple computers or other network devices together, broadcasting all network data across each connection.
\subsubsection{What an Hub Does?}
When referring to a network, a hub is the most basic networking device that connects multiple computers or other network devices together. Unlike a network switch or router, a network hub has no routing tables or intelligence on where to send information and broadcasts all network data across each connection. Most hubs can detect basic network errors such as collisions, but having all information broadcast to multiple ports can be a security risk and cause bottlenecks. In the past, network hubs were popular because they were cheaper than a switch or router. Today, switches do not cost much more than a hub and are a much better solution for any network.
\subsubsection{Applications Of Hub:}Networking Hub is widely used networking connectivity device. It has many advantages over other connectivity devices.\emph{Some Application of Networking Hub are given below:}
\begin{itemize}
\item Hubs are used to create small Home Networks.
\item Hubs are used for monitoring the networks.
\item Hubs are used in Organizations and Computer Labs for connectivity.
\item It Makes one device or peripheral available throughout the whole network.
\end{itemize}
\subsubsection{\emph{Connention of HUB}}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=70mm,scale=0.5]{5}
\caption{Example of Hub Network}
\end{figure}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\newpage
\subsection {\emph{\Huge Router}}
\rule{\linewidth}{0.5mm}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=90mm,scale=0.7]{1}
\caption{Router}
\end{figure}
\subsubsection{\emph What is a Router?}
\emph{Defination 1:}A router is a device that forwards data packets along networksand it is connection of at least two networks, commonly two LANs or WANs or a LAN and its ISP.s network.
\\[1cm]\emph{Defination 2:}a router is a device that determines the next network point to which a packet should be forwarded toward its destination.
\\[1cm]
\subsubsection{How Does A Router Works?}
The router powers on and loads it's OS from flashThe router loads the configuration file last saved to NVRAM and sets up the network interfaces and routing protocols it will run.The router adds the network address and subnet for each interface to it's routing table along with the name of the interface itself.The router has a simple static default route to send all non-local data out the network port connected to the cable company.When the router receives a web page request from your computer, it checks the destination IP address against its routing table.The bits forming the destination IP address in the IP packet are used as a hash key to point to the correct route, which in turn points to the correct network interface that the packet should be forwarded out of.The router transmits the packet out the correct interface, to the next router, which repeats the process until the packet reaches the destination.
\subsubsection{\emph{Working of Router Connection}}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=100mm,scale=0.7]{0.png}
\caption{Example of Router's Network}
\end{figure}
\newpage
\subsection {\emph{\Huge BRIDGE}}
\rule{\linewidth}{0.5mm}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=90mm,scale=0.7]{8.jpg}
\caption{Bridge}
\end{figure}
\subsubsection{\emph What is a Bridge?}
\emph{Defination 1:}A network bridge is a computer networking device that creates a single aggregate network from multiple communication networks or network segments. This function is called network bridging.
\\[1cm]
\emph{Defination 2:}“A device used to connect two separate Ethernet networks into one extended Ethernet. Bridges only forward packets between networks that are destined for the other network. Term used by Novell to denote a computer that accepts packets at the network layer and forward them to another network.”
\\[2cm]
\subsubsection{Hoe does Bridge Works?}
\emph{When a bridge receives an IP packet, the gateway processes the packet as follows:}
\begin{itemize}
\item The destination MAC address is looked up in the bridge's forwarding table.
\item If the destination MAC address is found in the forwarding table, the packet is forwarded to the corresponding port.
\item If the destination MAC address is not found in the forwarding table, the destination IP address is searched for in all the defined bridge IP address ranges.
\item If the destination IP address is found in the bridge IP address range of exactly one port, the IP address is transmitted to that port.
\item If the IP address is found in the bridge IP address range of more than one port, the packet is dropped. The gateway then sends an ARP query to each of the relevant ports.
\item If a host responds to the ARP request packet with an ARP reply, the forwarding table is updated with the correct <MAC Address, Port> association. Subsequent packets will be forwarded using the forwarding table.
\end{itemize}
\subsubsection{\emph{Working of Bridge Network}}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=110mm,scale=0.5]{6}
\caption{Example of Bridge Network}
\end{figure}
\end{document}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{wrapfig}
\usepackage{multicol}
\usepackage{caption}
\usepackage{subcaption}
\usepackage{transparent}
\usepackage{multirow}
\usepackage{eso-pic}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{color}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{document}
\begin{titlepage}
\newcommand{\HRule}{\rule{\linewidth}{1mm}}
\begin{minipage}[height=\paperheight]{0.8\textwidth}
\centering {
\textcolor{blue}
{
\textsc{\Large Guru Nanak Dev Engg College }\\[0.5cm]
\textsc{\large Practical File}\\[0.3cm]
\HRule \\[0.2cm]
{ \huge \bfseries Internet Methodologies}\\[0.1cm]
\HRule \\[2cm]}
\includegraphics[width=60mm,scale=0.7]{gne}\\[2cm]
\textcolor{blue}
{{\\\today}\\[1cm]
{\textsc{Sanjampreet Singh \\{1507967}\\{D2-IT-B1}}}}}
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~
\end{titlepage}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\newpage
\AddToShipoutPicture{\BackgroundIm}
\pagenumbering{roman}%page numbering Style
\tableofcontents%contents Table
\newpage
\listoffigures
\listoftables
\pagenumbering{arabic}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\newpage
\section{\emph{To familiarize with network devices like switch, hub, routers and bridges.}}
\subsection{\emph{\Large Switch}}
\rule{\linewidth}{0.5mm}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=80mm,scale=0.7]{3}
\caption{Network Switch}
\end{figure}\\
\emph{Definition 1 :} A network switch (also called switching hub, bridging hub, officially MAC bridge) is a computer networking device that connects devices together on a computer network, by using packet switching to receive, process and forward data to the destination device.\\[1cm]
\emph{Definition 2 :}Most business networks today use switches to connect computers, printers and servers within a building or campus. A switch serves as a controller, enabling networked devices to talk to each other efficiently. Through information sharing and resource allocation, switches save businesses money and increase employee productivity.
\subsubsection{What an Ethernet Switch Does?}
Ethernet switches link Ethernet devices together by relaying Ethernet frames between the devices connected to the switches. By moving Ethernet frames between the switch ports, a switch links the traffic carried by the individual network connections into a larger Ethernet network.
\\Ethernet switches perform their linking function by bridging Ethernet frames between Ethernet segments. To do this, they copy Ethernet frames from one switch port to another, based on the Media Access Control (MAC) addresses in the Ethernet frames. Ethernet bridging was initially defined in the 802.1D IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks: Media Access Control (MAC) Bridges.
\\The standardization of bridging operations in switches makes it possible to buy switches from different vendors that will work together when combined in a network design. That’s the result of lots of hard work on the part of the standards engineers to define a set of standards that vendors could agree upon and implement in their switch designs.
\subsubsection{\emph{Example of Switch}}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=150mm,scale=0.9]{switch}
\caption{Example of Switch}
\end{figure}
\newpage
\subsection {\emph{\Huge HUB }}
\rule{\linewidth}{0.5mm}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=80mm,scale=0.7]{HUB}
\caption{Network Hub}
\end{figure}
\subsubsection{\emph What is a Hub?}
\emph{Defination 1:}A hub is a place of convergence where data arrives from one or more directions and is forwarded out in one or more other directions.\\[0.5cm]
\emph{Defination 2:}A hub is the most basic networking device that connects multiple computers or other network devices together, broadcasting all network data across each connection.
\subsubsection{What an Hub Does?}
When referring to a network, a hub is the most basic networking device that connects multiple computers or other network devices together. Unlike a network switch or router, a network hub has no routing tables or intelligence on where to send information and broadcasts all network data across each connection. Most hubs can detect basic network errors such as collisions, but having all information broadcast to multiple ports can be a security risk and cause bottlenecks. In the past, network hubs were popular because they were cheaper than a switch or router. Today, switches do not cost much more than a hub and are a much better solution for any network.
\subsubsection{Applications Of Hub:}Networking Hub is widely used networking connectivity device. It has many advantages over other connectivity devices.\emph{Some Application of Networking Hub are given below:}
\begin{itemize}
\item Hubs are used to create small Home Networks.
\item Hubs are used for monitoring the networks.
\item Hubs are used in Organizations and Computer Labs for connectivity.
\item It Makes one device or peripheral available throughout the whole network.
\end{itemize}
\subsubsection{\emph{Connention of HUB}}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=70mm,scale=0.5]{5}
\caption{Example of Hub Network}
\end{figure}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\newpage
\subsection {\emph{\Huge Router}}
\rule{\linewidth}{0.5mm}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=90mm,scale=0.7]{1}
\caption{Router}
\end{figure}
\subsubsection{\emph What is a Router?}
\emph{Defination 1:}A router is a device that forwards data packets along networksand it is connection of at least two networks, commonly two LANs or WANs or a LAN and its ISP.s network.
\\[1cm]\emph{Defination 2:}a router is a device that determines the next network point to which a packet should be forwarded toward its destination.
\\[1cm]
\subsubsection{How Does A Router Works?}
The router powers on and loads it's OS from flashThe router loads the configuration file last saved to NVRAM and sets up the network interfaces and routing protocols it will run.The router adds the network address and subnet for each interface to it's routing table along with the name of the interface itself.The router has a simple static default route to send all non-local data out the network port connected to the cable company.When the router receives a web page request from your computer, it checks the destination IP address against its routing table.The bits forming the destination IP address in the IP packet are used as a hash key to point to the correct route, which in turn points to the correct network interface that the packet should be forwarded out of.The router transmits the packet out the correct interface, to the next router, which repeats the process until the packet reaches the destination.
\subsubsection{\emph{Working of Router Connection}}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=100mm,scale=0.7]{0.png}
\caption{Example of Router's Network}
\end{figure}
\newpage
\subsection {\emph{\Huge BRIDGE}}
\rule{\linewidth}{0.5mm}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=90mm,scale=0.7]{8.jpg}
\caption{Bridge}
\end{figure}
\subsubsection{\emph What is a Bridge?}
\emph{Defination 1:}A network bridge is a computer networking device that creates a single aggregate network from multiple communication networks or network segments. This function is called network bridging.
\\[1cm]
\emph{Defination 2:}“A device used to connect two separate Ethernet networks into one extended Ethernet. Bridges only forward packets between networks that are destined for the other network. Term used by Novell to denote a computer that accepts packets at the network layer and forward them to another network.”
\\[2cm]
\subsubsection{Hoe does Bridge Works?}
\emph{When a bridge receives an IP packet, the gateway processes the packet as follows:}
\begin{itemize}
\item The destination MAC address is looked up in the bridge's forwarding table.
\item If the destination MAC address is found in the forwarding table, the packet is forwarded to the corresponding port.
\item If the destination MAC address is not found in the forwarding table, the destination IP address is searched for in all the defined bridge IP address ranges.
\item If the destination IP address is found in the bridge IP address range of exactly one port, the IP address is transmitted to that port.
\item If the IP address is found in the bridge IP address range of more than one port, the packet is dropped. The gateway then sends an ARP query to each of the relevant ports.
\item If a host responds to the ARP request packet with an ARP reply, the forwarding table is updated with the correct <MAC Address, Port> association. Subsequent packets will be forwarded using the forwarding table.
\end{itemize}
\subsubsection{\emph{Working of Bridge Network}}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=110mm,scale=0.5]{6}
\caption{Example of Bridge Network}
\end{figure}
\end{document}
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